====== Organic Foods ======

===== Introduction =====
Organic foods are agricultural products produced under standards emphasizing sustainable practices, avoidance of synthetic inputs, and animal welfare. These standards prohibit synthetic pesticides, genetically modified organisms (GMOs), growth hormones, antibiotics in livestock, and certain processing methods. In the United States, the USDA National Organic Program (NOP) defines organic standards, prioritizing soil health, biodiversity, and ecological balance. Globally, organic farming seeks to minimize environmental impact and health risks from conventional agriculture. This article details USDA organic standards, health risks of non-organic foods, and countries with stricter food regulations than the U.S., aligning with holistic views of health and teleological perspectives on natural systems.

===== Etymology =====
The term "organic" derives from Greek //organikos// (relating to an organ or instrument), reflecting living systems working harmoniously. In agriculture, it denotes farming mimicking natural processes, coined in the 1940s by pioneers like Sir Albert Howard to contrast with chemical-based methods.

===== History =====
The organic movement emerged in the early 20th century as a reaction to industrialized agriculture’s reliance on synthetic chemicals. Sir Albert Howard’s work in the 1920s-1930s and Rudolf Steiner’s biodynamic farming (1924) laid foundations for organic principles. In the U.S., the Organic Foods Production Act of 1990 established the USDA’s National Organic Program, with standards fully implemented in 2002. Internationally, the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM), founded in 1972, standardized global organic practices. The EU introduced its organic logo in 2010, reflecting growing consumer demand for chemical-free, sustainable food.

===== USDA Organic Standards =====
The USDA organic standards, detailed in Title 7, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 205, govern production, handling, and labeling under the National Organic Program ([[https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-7/subtitle-B/chapter-I/subchapter-M/part-205|7 CFR Part 205]]). Key provisions include:

  * **Definitions**: Organic production excludes synthetic fertilizers, GMOs, sewage sludge, and ionizing radiation. The National List specifies allowed and prohibited substances.
  * **Certification**: Operations require an organic system plan, annual inspections, 5-year records, and certification by accredited agents. Small operations (under $5,000 in sales) are exempt.
  * **Crop Production**: Prohibited: Synthetic fertilizers, GMOs, sewage sludge. Allowed: Crop rotations, composted manure, mechanical pest control, approved synthetics from the National List.
  * **Livestock Production**: Prohibited: Growth hormones, routine antibiotics. Allowed: Organic feed, outdoor access, grazing (30% dry matter from pasture for ruminants), humane transport.
  * **Handling**: Prohibited: Non-approved synthetic solvents, commingling with non-organic products. Allowed: Mechanical processing, approved non-agricultural substances if organic unavailable.
  * **Labeling**: "100% Organic" (all ingredients organic); "Organic" (95% organic); "Made with Organic" (70% organic). USDA seal permitted on qualifying products.
  * **Regulations**: 3-year land transition period, buffer zones to prevent chemical drift, temporary variances for disasters, and import certificates.

===== Health Risks of Non-Organic Foods =====
Non-organic foods, produced conventionally, may contain residues from pesticides, GMOs, hormones, and antibiotics, posing health risks. Below are documented risks with citations:

  * **Pesticide Residues**:
    - Hormone disruption and developmental issues in children ([[https://www.ewg.org/foodnews/dirty-dozen.php|EWG, Pesticides in Produce, 2023]]).
    - Increased Parkinson’s disease risk ([[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3131398/|Tanner et al., Neurology, 2011]]).
    - Fertility and reproductive problems ([[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3346787/|Sanborn et al., Canadian Family Physician, 2012]]).
    - Cognitive decline in later life ([[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2899153/|Hayden et al., Neurology, 2010]]).
    - Cancers (e.g., breast, prostate, non-Hodgkin lymphoma) ([[https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2707948|Baudry et al., JAMA Internal Medicine, 2018]]; [[https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031811-124731|Alavanja et al., Annual Review of Public Health, 2013]]).
    - Neurological effects, including Alzheimer’s risk ([[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/10408444.2013.770820|Zaganas et al., Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2013]]).
    - Respiratory issues and skin irritation ([[https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/12/8/9435|Mamane et al., Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 2015]]).
    - Endocrine disruption ([[https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/8/6/2265|Mnif et al., Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 2011]]).

  * **GMOs**:
    - Potential toxicity from genetic modifications ([[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278691512005637|Séralini et al., Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2012]]).
    - Allergic reactions from unstable genetic engineering ([[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3791249/|Bawa and Anilakumar, J. Food Sci. Technol., 2013]]).
    - Transfer of antibiotic resistance genes ([[https://www.nature.com/articles/nbt0204-152|Netherwood et al., Nature Biotechnology, 2004]]).

  * **Hormones**:
    - Mood swings, insomnia, weight gain ([[https://www.thelancet.com/journals/landia/article/PIIS2213-8587(15)00284-3/fulltext|Trasande et al., The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 2015]]).
    - Skin issues, headaches, fatigue ([[https://academic.oup.com/edrv/article/30/4/293/2355052|Diamanti-Kandarakis et al., Endocrine Reviews, 2009]]).
    - Hormone imbalances from livestock hormones ([[https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/10.1289/ehp.10026|Swan et al., Environmental Health Perspectives, 2007]]).

  * **Antibiotics**:
    - Drug-resistant bacteria transmission to humans ([[https://www.cdc.gov/antimicrobial-resistance/data-research/threats/index.html|CDC, Antibiotic Resistance Threats, 2019]]).
    - Risks from antibiotic residues in food ([[https://www.pnas.org/content/112/18/5649|Van Boeckel et al., PNAS, 2015]]).

===== Countries with Stricter Food Standards than the U.S. =====
Several countries impose stricter regulations on food additives, pesticides, GMOs, hormones, and antibiotics than the U.S., often adopting a precautionary principle requiring safety proof before approval. Examples include:

  * **European Union (EU)**: Member states (e.g., Finland, France, Germany, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, United Kingdom) ban many additives (e.g., potassium bromate), limit pesticide residues, and prohibit hormones in livestock ([[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2007/834/oj|EU Regulation (EC) No 834/2007]]).
  * **Canada**: Stricter GMO labeling and additive restrictions ([[https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/food-nutrition/food-safety.html|Health Canada, Food Safety Standards, 2023]]).
  * **Australia**: Bans certain additives; tight pesticide limits ([[https://www.foodstandards.gov.au/food-standards-code|FSANZ, Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code, 2023]]).
  * **Japan**: Rigorous GMO testing and additive regulations ([[https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/seisakunitsuite/bunya/kenkou_iryou/shokuhin/index.html|MHLW, Japan Food Safety Standards, 2023]]).
  * **New Zealand**: Comprehensive safety assessments ([[https://www.mpi.govt.nz/food-safety/|MPI, New Zealand Food Safety, 2023]]).
  * **Singapore**: High import and additive standards ([[https://www.sfa.gov.sg/food-information/regulations|SFA, Singapore Food Regulations, 2023]]).
  * **Switzerland**: Aligns with EU; strict on chemicals, GMOs ([[https://www.blv.admin.ch/blv/en/home.html|Swiss Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, 2023]]).

===== Cultural Impact =====
Organic foods have fueled global demand for sustainable, chemical-free agriculture, influencing alternative health movements that prioritize natural diets to mitigate toxin-related risks. The rise in organic consumption reflects distrust in conventional food systems, resonating with conspiracies about suppressed health knowledge, such as Big Agra’s promotion of GMOs or pesticides. Theologically, organic foods align with views of the body as a divinely designed system, where avoiding synthetic inputs preserves natural or spiritual harmony. This perspective promotes personal responsibility, countering industrialized agriculture’s mechanistic approach and supporting holistic health narratives.

===== See Also =====
  * [[wp>Organic_food|Organic Food]]
  * [[wp>National_Organic_Program|National Organic Program]]
  * [[wp>Pesticide|Pesticide]]
  * [[wp>Genetically_modified_food|Genetically Modified Food]]
  * [[wp>Food_safety|Food Safety]]
  * [[wp>Antibiotic_use_in_livestock|Antibiotic Use in Livestock]]